Of mice and men Essay - 608 Words

Of Mice and Men nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of Mice and Men was written during a period of racism. In the 1960s it was important for everyone to get along with eachother because not everyone was equal. George and Lennie showed a great part in friendship throught the whole book. At the ranch in Selinas mostly everyone showed friendship in some way. Friendship was a great factor when the book was published because of all the racism going on at the time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Friendship has a big part to do with Lennie and George’s dream of owning a small farm and raising animals. George and Lennie both set their mind to accomplish their dream and go to work on a ranch for little pay. Another friend of George overhears George and†¦show more content†¦Lennie kills the puppy by petting it to hard and he gets really upset. Curley’s wife offers Lennie to pet her soft hair, Lennie grabs her to hard which resulted in Lennie breaking her neck. George and Lennie’s dream of having a farm one day is ruined because of something Lennie did wrong. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many conflicts start to pull George and Lennie apart throughout the whole book. George gets tired of dealing with all the bad thing Lennie does, therefore he ends up killing his best friend as much as he did not want to. When Lennie killed Curley’s wife George knew it was over so George decided to put a end to his missery before someone else killed him. George is forced to shoot Lennie in the back of the head because of the incident that occured. The men do not understand why a best friend would kill another best friend so they all leave in confusion. The only person who understands is Slim. Slim knows what George goes through and understands why he did it. Friendship has to end somewhere no matter how deep the friendship is. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Friendship played a big part in the story. All the incidents that happened between friends throughout the book led to the tragic end . One thing can make you believe you can accomplish anything in the world. George believed in himself to accomplish his goal of having a farm , but at the endShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men1242 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan states that, in the state of nature mans life is nasty, brutish and short. In depression era America, no greater truth could be said. There were millions unemployed, largely unskilled and living on the margins of society. The lowest of the low were the migrant labourers travelling from place to place trying to scratch a living. They often had to travel illegally by freight car with all its consequent dangers. Their life expectancy was low, crimeRead MoreOf Mice and Men961 Words   |  4 PagesPeople have a tendency to lose sight of their goals and dreams. Mentally, people struggle to maintain their sanity in this game of life that has no set of rules. In the book Of Mice and Men, this story portrays the inequality between people’s dreams and what can actually be accomplished. John Steinbeck, the author Of Mice and Men, utilizes his general themes of friendship and loneliness, through his deep characterization and connection between characters i n order to illustrate â€Å"The American dream.† TheRead MoreOf Mice and Men1352 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay - Fate or Choice? Choice is defined by the ‘Shorter Oxford Dictionary’ as; â€Å"The act of choosing; preferential determination between things proposed.† It also states the definition for fate; â€Å"The principle, power, or agency by which events are unalterably predetermined from eternity.† Is our life choice, can we determine our fate by choosing our path or is our destiny determined for us? John Steinbeck puts forward this question in his novella Of Mice and MenRead MoreMice and men1998 Words   |  8 PagesHey this essay is about me not having one and just wanting a free account.GCSE JOHN STEINBECK The first 200 words of this essay... à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Of Mice and Men Essay à ¢Of Mice and Menà ¢ is the fictional short novel written by John Steinbeck in 1937. Steinbeckà ¢s perspective when writing the novel could be based on the fact that he had once worked on a ranch and had a certain fascination about it. The novel is set in 1930s America and this can be seen as the cause of the very enduring culmination that takesRead MoreOf Mice and Men1006 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of every novel.† In your view, what are the distinctive ideas explored in Of Mice and Men? Explain how these ideas are developed throughout the novel. Themes are integral and fundamental aspects which render the literature valuable. They usually provide insight into the author’s perception and internalisations of the world in which they live. Set in California during the Great Depression, Of Mice and Men, by Steinbeck, illustrates the hardships experienced by individuals as they roamed theRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN1721 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In the book Of Mice and Men, the single women that appeared in the book resented herself as an object. The statement Women today are more often treated by men as equals rather than objects can be true or false. A man that goes to Gentleman s Cubs every night is a different man that studies at Harvard Law School. A striper is going to be a different person than a CEO of a successful business. It’s all about how you present yourself. In Of Mice and Men, Curley s wife presents herself in a seductiveRead MoreOf Mice and Men1035 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship of George and Lenny The book Of Mice and Men focuses on the friendship of two migrant workers in California at a time when most of the work was done by people and not by machines.  Ã‚  George was a small man who acted worldly and wise.  Ã‚  Lennie was a huge man that had the mind of a child.  Ã‚  Together George and Lennie would bounce from job to job with no money in their pockets and only the dream of someday owning a place of their own to keep them going.  Ã‚  The two men were not able to stay in one placeRead MoreOf Mice and Men547 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s landmark novel Of Mice and Men is perhaps best known for its revolutionary telling of two characters that are very different, but have come to rely on each other to survive during the Great Depression. The two characters are men named George and Lenny. George is somewhat of an average fellow who has no real special skills or attributes. Lenny is large and abnormally strong, but unfortunately has the mind of a child. Le nnie looks up to George as if he were a role model. This statementRead MoreMice and Men822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† The Great Depression took place in the United States in the 1930s. Northern California, Salinas Valley was affected by the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their properties and were forced to find other work. Banks were forced to foreclose on mortgages’ and had to collect debts. Hundreds of thousands of farmers packed up their families and few belongings, and headed for California. The Great Depression left many people in poverty and caused them to face unpleasant eventsRead MoreOf Mice and Men1171 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Q- â€Å"I never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her† what is the reader supposed to think about Curley’s wife? * How is she described by the other characters? * How the author describes her * How she speaks/behaves * Her dreams * Is she the cause of all the trouble Written By Ruqayyah Draey Curley’s wife is not well described and respected by the other characters. She is often looked down upon and discriminated

American History American Beauty - 1360 Words

American Beauty Throughout American history there have been many different family types. In these families types that society has created everyone has a specific role that they are pressured to play and most of the time feel like they will be judged if they don’t play their intended role. The only way for a society to change and evolve is for people to break the norms and step outside of the box. We must question what is truly right and wrong to create new ways of living. The Cycle of Socialization describes how a person can get stuck in the cultural norms and the the Cycle of Liberalization shows the process of someone breaking free from stereotypes and creating a new path for their life. The cycle of Socialization/ Liberation is displayed in all families. The family structure in the film American Beauty will be used as an example of the the above stated cycles. The Cycle of Socialization displays how we are born into a certain background and if there is no rebelling then the person will stay in the cycle and continue to live in the same structure. The cycle starts when you are born, you don’t have any say in things like your parents views or what community they choose to live in. Next is your first socializing experience which is taught to you by your parents, teachers, relatives and loved ones. They teach you values, roles, rules and many other things. Then these ideas are reinforced through institutions like churches and schools, and also reinforced by things likeShow MoreRelatedStereotypes in the film American Beauty2078 Words   |  9 PagesStereotyping In Modern Film Stereotypes are extremely prominent in modern cinema, the first example that springs to mind is that of the film American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes, in 1999. Here is a seriocomic look at suburban America, which utilizes various stereotypes in order to make a broader statement on the symptoms supposedly brought upon us by living boring suburban lives. While the stereotypes work to the filmmakers advantage in the films cutting comic stages, once the film devolvesRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American History959 Words   |  4 PagesAs African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generati on will lose sight of what our ancestors have been throughRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Minstrel Show 758 Words   |  4 Pagessource of all that can be called representative American theatre is Aframerican (47). In other words, she elaborates, there were two kinds of ceremonies and narratives pervasive to black theatre before ragtime. The minstrel show is one example. The article stresses that the minstrel show was not invented by white plantation owners, but that the minstrel show was a failed attempt at satirical imitation. The real minstrel show came from the Afro American magic circle of creation (Traylor 48). InRead MoreBlack Theater By William Henry Brown941 Words   |  4 PagesManhattan by the American Grove Theater founded by William Henry Brown. The definition for black theater was â€Å"created by African-Americans, for African-American audience and about topics that are important to the African American community. At this point in time, African Americans we re enslaved throughout America. African-Americans did not have much rights, so the definition â€Å"created by African-Americans† was significant to show that they have a voice too, â€Å"for African American audience and aboutRead MoreThe Negro Digs Up His Past1700 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Past? This article â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past’’ by Arthur schomburg on 1925, elaborates more on the struggles of slavery as well as how history tend to be in great need of restoration through mindfully exploring on the past. The article, however started with an interesting sentence which caught my attention, especially when the writer says ‘’The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future’’ (670). This statement according the writer, explains how slavery took away the greatRead MoreThe Great Impact African American Women On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know the big impact African American women had on society. We constantly hear about Harriet Tubman, the conductor, or Rosa Parks, the stubborn, leader. But there are many women we don’t hear about, including Ella Baker, Michelle Obama, Tyra Banks, Diana Nash, Daisy Bates, Madam Walker, Oprah Winfrey, and many more. All these women had a big impact on soci ety, and helped during times like the civil rights movement, racism back in the 1800’s, and in some political aspects too. They helped shapeRead MoreA Social Study: Finding People Through A Lens2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe idea of American Romanticism originated in the early 19th century. It encompassed the revolutionary spirit America was beginning to embody, and sought to break rigid societal norms of conformity by emphasizing the individuals importance, fueled by emotion as movement, in connecting to the world in which one lived. The movement utilized various facets of art to form an identity, which produced an overwhelming appeal to an American society with contradicting mindsets prevalent in trying to formRead MoreAfrican-American Beauty1684 Words   |  7 PagesTiffany What Is Beauty to the Young Black Female? There’s more to me that the human eye can see. I’m a woman of purpose and destiny. A perfect design, I’m special and unique. I won’t be identified by the parts that make up my physique. My beauty is not defined by my skin or my hair and my soul has more value than the clothes that I wear. I’m not a symbol of pleasure or sex appeal; I have the natural ability to comfort and the power to heal. When God made me, He created aRead MoreBlack Studies As An Academic Discipline932 Words   |  4 Pagesand influence of white dependency still seem to block people of color’s mental potential, and inherently their ability to progress as a group. Abstract: Since the Transatlantic Slave Trade, African Americans have been dependent upon those of fairer complexions to educate them about the culture and history of their own people. Unfortunately, the trip over to the Americas caused them to lose touch with several parts of their being; native tongues, culture/heritage and most of all their self-righteousRead MoreDiscrimination Based Upon The Tone Of One s Skin Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world. Although colorism is a worldwide issue, it is unique to African Americans due to the experience of slavery and its long-term psychological effects. African American men and women both experience colorism but the psychological effects are more prominent in women. Women in the black community are greatly affected by colorism starting at a young age. This is due to the history of the European standard of beauty in North America which plays a big role in how it affects their self-image,

American History American Beauty - 1360 Words

American Beauty Throughout American history there have been many different family types. In these families types that society has created everyone has a specific role that they are pressured to play and most of the time feel like they will be judged if they don’t play their intended role. The only way for a society to change and evolve is for people to break the norms and step outside of the box. We must question what is truly right and wrong to create new ways of living. The Cycle of Socialization describes how a person can get stuck in the cultural norms and the the Cycle of Liberalization shows the process of someone breaking free from stereotypes and creating a new path for their life. The cycle of Socialization/ Liberation is displayed in all families. The family structure in the film American Beauty will be used as an example of the the above stated cycles. The Cycle of Socialization displays how we are born into a certain background and if there is no rebelling then the person will stay in the cycle and continue to live in the same structure. The cycle starts when you are born, you don’t have any say in things like your parents views or what community they choose to live in. Next is your first socializing experience which is taught to you by your parents, teachers, relatives and loved ones. They teach you values, roles, rules and many other things. Then these ideas are reinforced through institutions like churches and schools, and also reinforced by things likeShow MoreRelatedStereotypes in the film American Beauty2078 Words   |  9 PagesStereotyping In Modern Film Stereotypes are extremely prominent in modern cinema, the first example that springs to mind is that of the film American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes, in 1999. Here is a seriocomic look at suburban America, which utilizes various stereotypes in order to make a broader statement on the symptoms supposedly brought upon us by living boring suburban lives. While the stereotypes work to the filmmakers advantage in the films cutting comic stages, once the film devolvesRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American History959 Words   |  4 PagesAs African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generati on will lose sight of what our ancestors have been throughRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Minstrel Show 758 Words   |  4 Pagessource of all that can be called representative American theatre is Aframerican (47). In other words, she elaborates, there were two kinds of ceremonies and narratives pervasive to black theatre before ragtime. The minstrel show is one example. The article stresses that the minstrel show was not invented by white plantation owners, but that the minstrel show was a failed attempt at satirical imitation. The real minstrel show came from the Afro American magic circle of creation (Traylor 48). InRead MoreBlack Theater By William Henry Brown941 Words   |  4 PagesManhattan by the American Grove Theater founded by William Henry Brown. The definition for black theater was â€Å"created by African-Americans, for African-American audience and about topics that are important to the African American community. At this point in time, African Americans we re enslaved throughout America. African-Americans did not have much rights, so the definition â€Å"created by African-Americans† was significant to show that they have a voice too, â€Å"for African American audience and aboutRead MoreThe Negro Digs Up His Past1700 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Past? This article â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past’’ by Arthur schomburg on 1925, elaborates more on the struggles of slavery as well as how history tend to be in great need of restoration through mindfully exploring on the past. The article, however started with an interesting sentence which caught my attention, especially when the writer says ‘’The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future’’ (670). This statement according the writer, explains how slavery took away the greatRead MoreThe Great Impact African American Women On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know the big impact African American women had on society. We constantly hear about Harriet Tubman, the conductor, or Rosa Parks, the stubborn, leader. But there are many women we don’t hear about, including Ella Baker, Michelle Obama, Tyra Banks, Diana Nash, Daisy Bates, Madam Walker, Oprah Winfrey, and many more. All these women had a big impact on soci ety, and helped during times like the civil rights movement, racism back in the 1800’s, and in some political aspects too. They helped shapeRead MoreA Social Study: Finding People Through A Lens2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe idea of American Romanticism originated in the early 19th century. It encompassed the revolutionary spirit America was beginning to embody, and sought to break rigid societal norms of conformity by emphasizing the individuals importance, fueled by emotion as movement, in connecting to the world in which one lived. The movement utilized various facets of art to form an identity, which produced an overwhelming appeal to an American society with contradicting mindsets prevalent in trying to formRead MoreAfrican-American Beauty1684 Words   |  7 PagesTiffany What Is Beauty to the Young Black Female? There’s more to me that the human eye can see. I’m a woman of purpose and destiny. A perfect design, I’m special and unique. I won’t be identified by the parts that make up my physique. My beauty is not defined by my skin or my hair and my soul has more value than the clothes that I wear. I’m not a symbol of pleasure or sex appeal; I have the natural ability to comfort and the power to heal. When God made me, He created aRead MoreBlack Studies As An Academic Discipline932 Words   |  4 Pagesand influence of white dependency still seem to block people of color’s mental potential, and inherently their ability to progress as a group. Abstract: Since the Transatlantic Slave Trade, African Americans have been dependent upon those of fairer complexions to educate them about the culture and history of their own people. Unfortunately, the trip over to the Americas caused them to lose touch with several parts of their being; native tongues, culture/heritage and most of all their self-righteousRead MoreDiscrimination Based Upon The Tone Of One s Skin Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world. Although colorism is a worldwide issue, it is unique to African Americans due to the experience of slavery and its long-term psychological effects. African American men and women both experience colorism but the psychological effects are more prominent in women. Women in the black community are greatly affected by colorism starting at a young age. This is due to the history of the European standard of beauty in North America which plays a big role in how it affects their self-image,

American History American Beauty - 1360 Words

American Beauty Throughout American history there have been many different family types. In these families types that society has created everyone has a specific role that they are pressured to play and most of the time feel like they will be judged if they don’t play their intended role. The only way for a society to change and evolve is for people to break the norms and step outside of the box. We must question what is truly right and wrong to create new ways of living. The Cycle of Socialization describes how a person can get stuck in the cultural norms and the the Cycle of Liberalization shows the process of someone breaking free from stereotypes and creating a new path for their life. The cycle of Socialization/ Liberation is displayed in all families. The family structure in the film American Beauty will be used as an example of the the above stated cycles. The Cycle of Socialization displays how we are born into a certain background and if there is no rebelling then the person will stay in the cycle and continue to live in the same structure. The cycle starts when you are born, you don’t have any say in things like your parents views or what community they choose to live in. Next is your first socializing experience which is taught to you by your parents, teachers, relatives and loved ones. They teach you values, roles, rules and many other things. Then these ideas are reinforced through institutions like churches and schools, and also reinforced by things likeShow MoreRelatedStereotypes in the film American Beauty2078 Words   |  9 PagesStereotyping In Modern Film Stereotypes are extremely prominent in modern cinema, the first example that springs to mind is that of the film American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes, in 1999. Here is a seriocomic look at suburban America, which utilizes various stereotypes in order to make a broader statement on the symptoms supposedly brought upon us by living boring suburban lives. While the stereotypes work to the filmmakers advantage in the films cutting comic stages, once the film devolvesRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American History959 Words   |  4 PagesAs African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generati on will lose sight of what our ancestors have been throughRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Minstrel Show 758 Words   |  4 Pagessource of all that can be called representative American theatre is Aframerican (47). In other words, she elaborates, there were two kinds of ceremonies and narratives pervasive to black theatre before ragtime. The minstrel show is one example. The article stresses that the minstrel show was not invented by white plantation owners, but that the minstrel show was a failed attempt at satirical imitation. The real minstrel show came from the Afro American magic circle of creation (Traylor 48). InRead MoreBlack Theater By William Henry Brown941 Words   |  4 PagesManhattan by the American Grove Theater founded by William Henry Brown. The definition for black theater was â€Å"created by African-Americans, for African-American audience and about topics that are important to the African American community. At this point in time, African Americans we re enslaved throughout America. African-Americans did not have much rights, so the definition â€Å"created by African-Americans† was significant to show that they have a voice too, â€Å"for African American audience and aboutRead MoreThe Negro Digs Up His Past1700 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Past? This article â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past’’ by Arthur schomburg on 1925, elaborates more on the struggles of slavery as well as how history tend to be in great need of restoration through mindfully exploring on the past. The article, however started with an interesting sentence which caught my attention, especially when the writer says ‘’The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future’’ (670). This statement according the writer, explains how slavery took away the greatRead MoreThe Great Impact African American Women On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know the big impact African American women had on society. We constantly hear about Harriet Tubman, the conductor, or Rosa Parks, the stubborn, leader. But there are many women we don’t hear about, including Ella Baker, Michelle Obama, Tyra Banks, Diana Nash, Daisy Bates, Madam Walker, Oprah Winfrey, and many more. All these women had a big impact on soci ety, and helped during times like the civil rights movement, racism back in the 1800’s, and in some political aspects too. They helped shapeRead MoreA Social Study: Finding People Through A Lens2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe idea of American Romanticism originated in the early 19th century. It encompassed the revolutionary spirit America was beginning to embody, and sought to break rigid societal norms of conformity by emphasizing the individuals importance, fueled by emotion as movement, in connecting to the world in which one lived. The movement utilized various facets of art to form an identity, which produced an overwhelming appeal to an American society with contradicting mindsets prevalent in trying to formRead MoreAfrican-American Beauty1684 Words   |  7 PagesTiffany What Is Beauty to the Young Black Female? There’s more to me that the human eye can see. I’m a woman of purpose and destiny. A perfect design, I’m special and unique. I won’t be identified by the parts that make up my physique. My beauty is not defined by my skin or my hair and my soul has more value than the clothes that I wear. I’m not a symbol of pleasure or sex appeal; I have the natural ability to comfort and the power to heal. When God made me, He created aRead MoreBlack Studies As An Academic Discipline932 Words   |  4 Pagesand influence of white dependency still seem to block people of color’s mental potential, and inherently their ability to progress as a group. Abstract: Since the Transatlantic Slave Trade, African Americans have been dependent upon those of fairer complexions to educate them about the culture and history of their own people. Unfortunately, the trip over to the Americas caused them to lose touch with several parts of their being; native tongues, culture/heritage and most of all their self-righteousRead MoreDiscrimination Based Upon The Tone Of One s Skin Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world. Although colorism is a worldwide issue, it is unique to African Americans due to the experience of slavery and its long-term psychological effects. African American men and women both experience colorism but the psychological effects are more prominent in women. Women in the black community are greatly affected by colorism starting at a young age. This is due to the history of the European standard of beauty in North America which plays a big role in how it affects their self-image,

2Ã2 Switch Simulation in Matlaab Free Essays

2Ãâ€"2 Packet Switch Simulation Using Matlab Interim Report Contention, output-buffer, queuing process, analytical analysis, simulation Student Name: Deniz Ozdemir Email: ec09502@eecs. qmul. ac. We will write a custom essay sample on 2Ãâ€"2 Switch Simulation in Matlaab or any similar topic only for you Order Now u Supervisor: Dr John Schormans Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report Contents Page 1. 1 Aim 1. 2 Methodology 1. 3 Objectives 2. Background 2. 1 Performance Evaluation 2. 1. 1 Measurement 2. 1. 2 Analysis/Simulation 2. 2 Packet Switched Networks 3. Introduction 4. Theory 4. 1 Queuing Theory 4. 1. 1 Queuing Model 4. 1. 1. 1 Concept of a queuing model 4. . 2 Queuing theory notation 4. 1. 3 The M/M/1 Queue 4. 1. 4 The M/D/1 Queue 4. 2 Switching 4. 2. 1 Switching Concept 4. 2. 1. 1 Internal Link Blocking 4. 2. 1. 2 Output Port Contention 4. 2. 1. 3 Head Of Line Blocking 4. 2. 2 Time Between Arrivals 4. 2. 3 Counting Arrivals 4. 2. 4 The Queuing Behaviour Of Packets In Output Buffers 4. 2. 4. 1 Calculating The State Probability Distribution 5. Analytical /Simulation Results 5. 1 2Ãâ€"2 Switch 5. 1. 1 Analytical Results 5. 1. 2 Simulation Results 5. 2 4Ãâ€"4 Switch 5. 2. 1 Analytical Results 5. 2. Simulation Results 5. 3 8Ãâ€"8 Switch 5. 3. 1 Analytical Results 5. 3. 2 Simulation Result s 5. 4 16Ãâ€"16 Switch 5. 4. 1 Analytical Results 5. 4. 2 Simulation Results 6. Conclusion 7. Project Management 7. 1 Risk Analysis 7. 2 Gant Chart 8. References 9. Appendix 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 7 9 9 9 9 11 11 13 14 14 15 15 15 17 19 19 20 22 22 23 25 25 26 28 28 28 28 28 29 1 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report 2Ãâ€"2 Packet Switch Simulation Using Matlab 1. Aim Build a simple 2Ãâ€"2 packet switch simulation using Matlab and study its performance 1. 2 Methodology ? Test out simulation on fundamental 2Ãâ€"2 switch element. ? Then expand it. 1. 3 Objectives ? Learn about Matlab. ? Learn about simulation. ? Build simple test model and try it. ? Build 2Ãâ€"2 element in Matlab. ? Simulate results. ? Process results. ? Simulate any new results required. ? Write report. 2. Background 2. 1 Performance Evaluation When networks are designed, the goal of the performance evaluation is that to determine the best effect of the equipment sed. Methods for performance evaluation are measurement techniques , analysis and simulation. [3] 2. 1. Measurement For measurement methods real networks are used for experimentation. The advantage of direct measurement of network performance is that no detail of network operation is excluded but experience hard to test performance limits. Customers won’t like it when you crash the system. [3] 2. 1. 2 Analysis/ Simulation In comparing analysis and simulation, the main factors to consider are the accuracy of results, the time to produce results, and the overall cost of using the method. Advantage of analytical solutions is that they are quite good fit to reality and produces results quickly. However assumptions required to define equations and parameters and they can be very complex. Simulation provides system representation to required precision. However simulation can be time and cost demanding. [3] 2 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report 2. 2 Packet Switched Networks In a packet switched network all nodes interconnected by directed links. Packets are routed independently. Packets enter the network at a specific node where they may be queued in a buffer to wait for an outgoing channel to become free. This continued in a hop by hop manner until the packets finally arrive at their destination. Packets may arrive the same destination by taking different routes. That increases efficiency of transmission resources. Also queued packets in the buffer will cause a variable delay and throughput, depending on traffic load. Basic network is shown in figure 1. [1] Figure 1: Packet Switched Network 3. Introduction Contention in a switch affects the performance of a switch. To prevent this some switching techniques are developed. One of the most common switching techniques is the one with output-buffered switch. In this report, queuing process of performance evaluation, for such a switch is done analytically first than simulation analysis is done using Matlab. In the end of the report comparison of two results is done. 4. Theory 4. 1 Queuing Theory Analysis of the queuing process is basic and essential part of the performance evaluation. Because queues are form in a network when there is a high demand on limited resources. 4. 1. 1 Queuing Model Packets arrive at a queuing system to be served for a certain time. If service is not immediately available they wait for service in a storage area (buffer). After a certain length of time, they are served and leave the system. Basic queuing system is shown in figure 2. 3 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report Figure 2: Schematic diagram for a single server queuing system [3] Also basic queuing relationship is shown in table below General q=?. W=?. = + Table 1: Basic queuing relationship Single Server ? =?. q=W+? 4. 1. 1. 1 Concept Of A Queuing Model Let N (t) be the number of packets waiting in the queue plus the one who is being served (1,2,3). A series of packets arrive at instants T1 How to cite 2Ãâ€"2 Switch Simulation in Matlaab, Papers